We report results for a western algorithm made by fusing eight algorithms from western countries and an east asian algorithm made by fusing five algorithms from east asian countries. Humans showed the standard otherrace e ect for these faces, but showed more stable performance than the algorithms over changes in the race of the test faces. Holistic processing, contact, and the otherrace effect in. An otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms nist. Incognitivescience,similar topic has been discussed from a different point of view other race effect on face recognition.
In cognitivescience, similar topic has been discussed from a different point of view other race effect on face recognition. The otherrace effect ore is the tendency for people to recognize faces of their. The otherrace effect was examined in a series of experiments and simulations that looked at the relationships among observer ratings of typicality, familiarity, attractiveness, memorability, and the performance variables ofd and criterion. Structural aspects of face recognition and the other race effect. Face recognition remains as an unsolved problem and a demanded technology see table 1. Bayesian face recognition and perceptual narrowing in face. Learning context and the otherrace effect strategies for. Free fulltext pdf articles from hundreds of disciplines, all in one place cognitive control, attention, and the other race effect in memory pdf paperity toggle navigation. They find that western algorithms developed by france, germany and the. Experiment 1 replicated the otherrace effect with our caucasian and japanese stimuli for both caucasian and asian observers. Despite the lack of extensive public and independent testing, several studies have uncovered racial bias in face recognition algorithms.
In experiment 1, we examined the influence of contiguous and distributed learning contexts on the recognition of own and other race faces learned from multiple, variable images. Valentine 1991 proposed a theoretical multidimensional facespace model that explained both of these results, in terms of variations. The cross race effect sometimes called cross race bias, other race bias or own race bias is the tendency to more easily recognize faces that are most familiar. Moreover, the other race effect for face recognition algorithms is also demonstrated in 8.
The other race effect is observed when individuals of a particular race perform better at identifying individuals of their own race than a. Otoole, a j, 2002 face recognition algorithms and the otherrace effect. Bayesian face recognition and perceptual narrowing in facespace. The otherrace effect is observed when individuals of a particular race perform better at identifying individuals of their own race than a different race. We present evidence for an other race effect in the face recognition algorithms tested in the most recent international competition.
The increased amplitude of the p400 to ownrace faces may reflect the cognitive evaluation of race and categoryrelated information. One plausible explanation might be that cortical areas involved in face processing are not as. The computational mechanisms that may underlie different versions of the contact hypothesis were explored in this study. One explanation is that this otherrace effect is caused by lifelong experience in which faces from some races are more common than other races. This race effect was also correlated with otherrace social contact, demonstrating that greater otherrace contact facilitates similar ownrace vs otherrace face. Identifying these aspects and understanding their behaviors on performance can aid in predicting the performance of algorithms and in designing suitable acquisition settings at prospective locations to enhance performance. Race coding and the otherrace effect in face recognition. Request pdf an otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms psychological research indicates that humans recognize faces of their own race more. This otherrace effect occurs for algorithms tested in a recent international competition for stateoftheart face recognition algorithms. An otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms core. Pdf human face recognition is more accurate for faces of ones own race than for faces of other races. Do we all look alike to computers trends in cognitive.
In photographic lineups, 231 witnesses participated in. By studying nontrainable face recognition algorithms, we gain an understanding of whether or not the errors are inherent to the speci. Renaultc afaculty of psychology and educational sciences, university of geneva, 40 boulevard du pont darve, 1211 geneva 4, switzerland bplurifaculty program of cognitive neuroscience, department of neurology. This is because nontrainable algorithms operate by measuring the dissimilarity of face. Reversibility of the otherrace effect in face recognition. The effect of withinrace variations on the ownrace bias in face recognition. A memory computational basis for the otherrace effect. The recognition accuracies of six different face recognition algorithms three commercial, two nontrainable, and one trainable are computed on a large scale gallery that is partitioned so that each partition consists entirely of speci.
Over the time, there are more and more studies that attach greater importance to the face, which is increasingly considered an important aspect for human interaction since it provides a large amount of information that should be analyzed efficiently 2 wallis j, lipp o, vanman e. Reversibility of the otherrace effect in face recognition during childhood. This other race effect ore in memory could arise from different attentional allocation to, and cognitive control over, same and other race faces during encoding. In photographic lineups, 231 witnesses participated in cross race versus same race identification. Face recognition may be particularly susceptible to the influence of shadows. Psychological and neural perspectives on human face recognition.
Many criminal prosecutions involve a member of one race attempting to identify a perpetrator who is of another race. Otherrace effect humans the ore for humans has been found across multiple racialethnic groups using different methodical paradigms 1, 3. Other race effect humans the ore for humans has been found across multiple racialethnic groups using different methodical paradigms 1, 3. First, many face recognition algorithms include training procedures aimed at optimally representing individual faces 15, 16. Cognitive control, attention, and the other race effect in. Review on the effects of age, gender, and race demographics. Early experience with faces of a given racial type facilitates visual recognition for this type of face relative to others. Aug 19, 2009 this other race effect occurs for algorithms tested in a recent international competition for stateoftheart face recognition algorithms.
A second purpose of the study was to evaluate the susceptibility of current computational face recognition algorithms to the otherrace effect. From a combined psychophysical and neural perspective, human face recognition serves as an example to the developers of automatic face recognition algorithms that it is possible and indeed easy to recognize faces, even when viewing conditions are challenging. Simulating theotherraceeffect with autoassociative neural. Cognitive control, attention, and the other race effect in memory. One plausible explanation might be that cortical areas involved in face processing are not as effective for otherrace faces due to a missing experience with individuals from other ethnical groups. This other race effect ore in memory could arise from different attentional allocation to, and cognitive control over, same and otherrace faces during encoding. Stateoftheart face recognition algorithms, like humans, struggle with otherrace face recognition. Otherrace faces are generally recognised more poorly than. The performance of face recognition algorithms is affected by external factors and internal subject characteristics. What drives social ingroup biases in face recognition memory.
Jun 01, 20 in press influence of face pose and feature composition on the otherrace effect in children, and stability of the size of the otherrace effect during childhood. An otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms. Albeit sharing a highly similar structural organization e. Face recognition, holistic processing, and processing of con. Social contact and otherrace face processing in the human. In proceedings of the ieee international conference on computer vision, pages 3931. Characterizing the variability in face recognition accuracy. Face versus nonface object perception and the otherrace. In recent years, interest in accurate computerbased face recognition systems has spurred the development of these systems worldwide.
We present evidence for an otherrace effect in the face recognition algorithms tested in the most recent international competition. Jain, fellow, ieee abstractthis paper studies the in. This effect has been observed in humans since the 1970s 5, and in a number of algorithms 5, 12, 17, 16. There is a wealth of literature describing ingroup biases in face identity recognition, the most well studied of which is the otherrace effect or ownrace bias. Attentionaware deep reinforcement learning for video face recognition. Although face recognition algorithms have been tested extensively for performance stability across. Otherrace or faces are less accurately recognized than same race sr faces, but classi. The purpose of this study was to determine whether face recognition algorithms show an other race effect. In 2011, researchers used the algorithms and images from a 2006 nist competition to compare accuracy on subjects of east asian and caucasian descent. The crossrace effect sometimes called crossrace bias, otherrace bias or ownrace bias is the tendency to more easily recognize faces that are most familiar.
This effect is measured in an experimental paradigm, whereby subjects of different races are tested. The otherrace effect is a wellknown issue that has been performed both in the laboratory and in reallife situations. Western algorithm than for the east asian algorithm. Face recognition algorithms and the otherarace effect. An investigation of the effect of racebased social. To explore how hardwired the effect might be, eberhardt and colleagues at stanford recruited 10 black and 10 white students and put them in an mri machine while showing them photographs of white and black faces.
An otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms acm. More recently, furl et al 2002 further investigated this hypothesis of the ore by training face recognition algorithms with caucasian faces as the majority race. Overall, these authors refined and improved previous results from the ore simulations by showing that this effect is present only in algorithms. Although the ore has been widely reported, the exact mechanisms that underlie reduced recognition accuracy for other race faces, and precisely when this effect emerges during development, remain unclear. Malpass subjectively found that other race faces are encoded categorically and this categorization contributes to human perception 3. We considered the latter variable as a potentially interesting moderator of how people report recognition decisions for own and other race faces. This leads to the question of whether other race effect exists in facial expression recognition problem. Moreover, the otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms is also demonstrated in 8. Deeper or more differentiated processing of samerace faces could yield more robust representations of same vs. A study was made which examined 271 real court cases. It is well known that a recognition bias can be observed whenever subjects have to decide whether they have seen a person before that belongs to a different ethical group. This phenomenon is known as the otherrace effect ore. Pdf face recognition algorithms and the otherrace effect. According to levins influential racecoding hypothesis, this otherrace recognition deficit results from spontaneous coding of racespecifying information, at the expense of individuating information, in otherrace faces.
An other race effect for face recognition algorithms ebook. Coined the otherrace effect, humans have consistently. May, 2010 in recent years, interest in accurate computerbased face recognition systems has spurred the development of these systems worldwide. Originally realized during times of mass immigration, it. Otherrace faces are generally recognised more poorly than ownrace faces. The rationale for testing face recognition algorithms for an other race effect is based on the following premises. Simulating theotherraceeffect with autoassociative. However, whether these various otherrace effects ores arise from the same underlying mechanisms or from different processes remains unclear. The ore has been studied extensively in face perception. Although the otherrace effect has been demonstrated in many studies in the past 30 years, our results did not support it. This phenomenon is known as the other race effect ore. Structural aspects of face recognition and the otherrace effect. An otherrace effect for face recognition algorithms request pdf.
There are both theoretical and practical reasons to study the otherrace effect in the context of these engineeringbased face recognition algorithms. The otherrace effect, as this psychological shortcoming is called, has been studied for decades. Face recognition algorithms and the otherrace effect. Face versus non face object perception and the otherrace effect. Surprisingly, a control task of rating the attractiveness of study faces increased the other race effect, indicating that deeper encoding of faces does not necessarily reduce the effect experiment 1. Although this otherrace effect is well documented on a behavioural level, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Face age and sex modulate the otherrace effect in face recognition. Thus, there is reason to be concerned that some of the underlying causes of the other race e ect in humans might apply to algorithms as well. To assess whether this socalled other race effect can be reversed by sub. An other race effect for face recognition algorithms.
Deeper or more differentiated processing of same race faces could yield more robust representations of same vs. This otherrace effect occurs for algorithms tested in a recent interna tional competition for stateoftheart face recognition algorithms. Mar 27, 2020 for her dissertation, she decided to study one of the bestknown examplesthe other race face recognition bias. This phenomenon has been often reported as the otherrace effect ore. Jasmine cottle, joanna ubiwa and jessica miller, individuation experience predicts otherrace effects in holistic processing. Article information, pdf download for race coding and the otherrace effect in face. A comparison of human and automated face verification. Finally, the normally robust other race effect was absent when participants were instructed to individuate other race faces experiment 2. Psychological research indicates that humans recognize faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races. Although the ore has been widely reported, the exact mechanisms that underlie reduced recognition accuracy for otherrace faces, and precisely when this effect. We tested algorithms from a recent international competition. The otherrace effect ore is the tendency to recognize and remember faces of ones own race more readily than those of other races. Stateoftheart face recognition algorithms, like humans, struggle with \otherrace face recognition.
A simple search with the phrase face recognition in the ieee digital library throws 9422 results. Undergraduate research journal for the human sciences. Second, the databases used for training different algorithms vary in. This leads to the question of whether otherrace effect exists in facial expression recognition problem. Principal component analysis of gender, ethnicity, age and identity of face images. The otherrace effect ore in face recognition refers to poorer recognition of other than ownrace faces. Face recognition algorithms and the other race effect. Identifying these aspects and understanding their behaviors on performance can a. Factors that affect the performance of face recognition. Humans showed the standard otherrace effect for these faces, but showed more stable performance than the algorithms over changes in the race of the test faces. Recent studies that compare human performance to algorithm performance on the face recognition task note the other race effect. In other race effect, an individual may not be able to correctly. Phillips et al analyze otherrace effect on face recognition algorithms based on the result of face recognition vendor test frvt 2006 4. From the perspective of automated face recognition, the.